{"id":7933,"date":"2021-06-17T18:07:36","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T17:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thedailyleaks.com\/?p=7933"},"modified":"2021-06-17T23:12:32","modified_gmt":"2021-06-17T22:12:32","slug":"former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thedailyleaks.com\/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-97\/","title":{"rendered":"Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies at 97"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kenneth Kaunda<\/a>, the former president of Zambia, has\u00a0died in hospital in the capital, Lusaka<\/a>\u00a0at the age of 97. Kaunda was the last of the giants of 20th century African nationalism. He was also one of the few to depart with his reputation still intact. But perhaps more than any of his contemporaries, the standing of the man who ruled over Zambia for 27 years is clouded with ambiguity.<\/p>\n

The charismatic president who won accolades for bowing out peacefully after losing an election was also the authoritarian who introduced a one-party state. The pioneer of \u201cAfrican socialism\u201d was the man who cut a supply-side deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The nationalist leader known for personal probity planned to give huge tracts of farmland to an Indian guru. The revolutionary who gave sanctuary to liberation movements was also a friend of US presidents.<\/p>\n

\n

I met him in 1989 when I helped organize a delegation of 120 white South African notables for a conference with the then-banned and exiled\u00a0African National Congress<\/a>, which was fighting for the liberation of black South Africans, in Lusaka. \u201cKK\u201d, as he was known, shed tears as he welcomed guests, who included the\u00a0liberal MP Helen Suzman<\/a>, known for her defiant opposition to the apartheid government.<\/p>\n

By then, he\u2019d been president for a quarter of a century, and seemed a permanent fixture at the apex of southern African politics. And yet, as it turned out, he was on his final lap.<\/p>\n

He exuded an image of the benign monarch, a much-loved father to his people, known for his endearing quirks\u2014safari suits, waving white handkerchiefs, ballroom dancing, singing his own songs while cycling, and crying in public. And yet there was also a hard edge to the politics and persona of the man, whose powerful personality helped make Zambia a major player in Africa and the world for three decades.<\/p>\n

Kenneth Kaunda\u2019s early years<\/h2>\n

Kenneth David Kaunda was born in Chinsali, Northern Zambia, on Oct. 24, 1924. Like so many of his generation of African liberation leaders, he came from a family of the mission-educated middle class. He was the baby among eight children. His father was a Presbyterian missionary-teacher and his mother was the first qualified African woman teacher in the country.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

He followed his parents\u2019 profession, first in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia), where he became a head teacher before his 21st birthday. He also taught in then Tanganyika (Tanzania), where he became a lifelong admirer of future president Julius Nyerere, whose \u201cUjamaa\u201d brand of African socialism he tried to follow.<\/p>\n

ALSO READ:\u00a0I remain unapologetic believer in power devolution \u2014President Buhari<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

After returning home, Kaunda campaigned against the British plan for a\u00a0federation<\/a>\u00a0of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which would increase the powers of white settlers. He took up politics full-time, learning the ropes through working for the liberal Legislative Council member\u00a0Sir Stewart Gore-Browne<\/a>. Soon after, as secretary general of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he was jailed for two months with hard labor for distributing\u00a0\u201csubversive literature.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n

After his release he clashed with his organization\u2019s president, Harry Nkumbula, who took a more conciliatory approach to colonial rule. Kaunda led the breakaway Zambian African National Congress, which was promptly banned. He was\u00a0jailed for nine months<\/a>, further boosting his status.<\/p>\n

A new movement, the United National Independence Party\u00a0(UNIP)<\/a>, chose Kaunda as its leader after his release. He traveled to America and\u00a0met Martin Luther King<\/a>. Inspired by King and Mahatma Gandhi, he launched the\u00a0\u201cCha-cha-cha\u201d civil disobedience campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In 1962, encouraged by Kaunda\u2019s moves to pacify the white settlers, the British acceded to self-rule, followed by full independence two years later. He emerged as the first Zambian president after\u00a0UNIP won the election<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The challenges of Zambian independence<\/h2>\n

One challenge for the newly independent Zambia related to the colonial education system. There were no universities and fewer than half a percent of pupils had completed primary school. Kaunda introduced a policy of free books and low fees. In 1966 he became the first chancellor of the new\u00a0University of Zambia<\/a>. Several other universities and tertiary education facilities followed.<\/p>\n

Long after he was ousted as president, Kaunda continued to be warmly received in African capitals because of his role in allowing liberation movements to have bases in Lusaka. This came at considerable economic cost to his country, which also endured military raids from the South Africans and Rhodesians.<\/p>\n

At the same time, he joined apartheid South Africa\u2019s hard-line prime minister\u00a0BJ Vorster<\/a>\u00a0in mediating a failed bid for an internal settlement in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) in 1975. He attempted the same in South West Africa (Namibia), which was then administered by South Africa. But\u00a0president PW Botha<\/a>, who succeeded Vorster after his death, showed no interest.<\/p>\n

Kaunda helped lead the\u00a0Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>, which brought together states that did not align with either the Soviets or the Americans during the Cold War. He broke bread with anyone who showed an interest in Zambia, including Romania\u2019s\u00a0Nicolai Ceausescu<\/a>\u00a0and Iraq\u2019s\u00a0Saddam Hussein<\/a>, while also cultivating successive American presidents (having more success with\u00a0Jimmy Carter<\/a>\u00a0than\u00a0Ronald Reagan<\/a>). He invited China to help build the\u00a0Tazara Railway<\/a>\u00a0and bought 16 MIG-21 fighter jets from the Soviet Union\u00a0in 1980<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kaunda\u2019s African humanism<\/h2>\n

Kaunda\u2019s economic policy was framed by his belief in what he called \u201cAfrican humanism\u201d but also by necessity. He inherited an economy under foreign control and moved to remedy this. For example, the mines owned by the\u00a0British South African Company<\/a>\u00a0(founded by\u00a0Cecil John Rhodes<\/a>) were acquired as a result of colonial conquest in 1890. Kaunda\u2019s threats to nationalize without compensation prompted major concessions from BSAC.<\/p>\n

He promoted a planned economy, leading to \u201cdevelopment plans\u201d that involved the state\u2019s Industrial Development Corporation acquiring 51% equity in major foreign-owned companies. The policy was undermined by the\u00a01973 spike in the oil price<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0fall in the price of copper<\/a>, which made up 95% of Zambia\u2019s exports.<\/p>\n

The consequent balance of payments crisis led to Zambia having the world\u2019s second highest debt relative to GDP,\u00a0prompting IMF intervention<\/a>. Kaunda at first resisted, but by 1989 was forced to bow to its demands. Parastatals were partially privatized, spending was slashed, food subsidies ended, prices rocketed, and Kaunda\u2019s support plummeted.<\/p>\n

Like many anti-colonial leaders, he\u2019d come to view multi-party democracy as a western concept that fomented conflict and tribalism. This view was encouraged by the 1964 uprising of the\u00a0Lumpa religious sect<\/a>. He banned all parties other than UNIP in 1968 and Zambia officially became a one-party state four years later.<\/p>\n

His government became increasingly autocratic and intolerant of dissent, centered on his personality cult. But Kaunda will go down in history as a relatively benign autocrat who avoided the levels of repression and corruption of so many other one-party rulers.<\/p>\n

Tanzania\u2019s Julius Nyerere, who retired in 1985, tried to persuade his friend to follow suit, but Kaunda pressed on. After surviving a\u00a0coup attempt in 1990<\/a>\u00a0and following food riots, he reluctantly acceded to the demand for a multi-party election in 1991.<\/p>\n

His popularity could not survive the chaos prompted by price rises and was not helped by the revelation that he\u2019d planned to grant\u00a0more than a quarter of Zambia\u2019s land<\/a>\u00a0to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (who promised to create a \u201cheaven on earth.\u201d) The trade union leader Frederick Chiluba won in a\u00a0landslide victory in 1991<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kaunda\u2019s last years<\/h2>\n

Kaunda\u00a0won kudos abroad<\/a>\u00a0for what was considered to be his gracious response to electoral defeat, but the new government was less magnanimous. It placed him under house arrest after alleging a coup attempt; then\u00a0declared him stateless<\/a>\u00a0when he planned to run in the 1996 election (on the grounds that his father was born in Malawi), which he successfully challenged in court. He survived an\u00a0assassination attempt in 1997<\/a>, getting grazed by a bullet. One of his sons, Wezi, was shot dead outside their home in 1999.<\/p>\n

The 1986 AIDS death of another son, Masuzgo, inspired him to campaign around HIV issues far earlier than most, and he stepped this up over the next two decades. After Chiluba\u2019s departure, he returned to favor and became a\u00a0roving ambassador for Zambia<\/a>. He reduced his public role following the\u00a02012 death<\/a>\u00a0of his wife of 66 years, Betty.<\/p>\n

Kaunda will be remembered as a giant of 20th century African nationalism\u2014a leader who, at great cost, gave refuge to revolutionary movements, a relatively benign autocrat who reluctantly introduced democracy to his country and an international diplomat who punched well above his weight in world affairs.<\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license. Read the\u00a0original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a9 The Quartz<\/a>.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Kenneth Kaunda, the former president of Zambia, has\u00a0died in hospital in the capital, Lusaka\u00a0at the age of 97. Kaunda was the last of the giants of 20th century African nationalism. 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